Britain’s ‘dinosaur highway’ discovered as hundreds of footprints found in quarry

 

Image courtesy of Friends of Dinosaur Valley State Park via Facebook

 Joel Kontinen

“A newly discovered ‘dinosaur highway’ has been discovered buried under mud in a quarry in England.

Researchers have discovered nearly 200 dinosaur footprints dating back 166 million years, changing what we knew about the creatures.

The dig, carried out at Dewars Farm Quarry in Oxfordshire by teams from the Universities of Oxford and Birmingham, uncovered five extensive trackways, forming part of a ‘dinosaur highway’ – with evidence of more in the surrounding area.”  

In this research, the millions of years have teemed up with evolution,  as if these dinosaurs truly lived at that time, but many things say that they did not live at that time as dinosaur DNA does not last that long. .

Source:

Stephanie Wareham 2025 Britain’s ‘dinosaur highway’ discovered as hundreds of footprints found in quarry 2 January

Bias in science

 

Image courtesy of Michelle D’urbano.

Joel Kontinen 

When we look what happened a hundred years in the past,  

Scientists. were sure of many truths: .

“The greatest experts were certain that the universe had always existed and was always the size it is now. Most biologists were sure that proteins, not DNA, were responsible for heredity. “

Yes, one of the truths of science is the failure of medicine, the thought that Covid- 19 can be gabbed away by an injection,  

Source: 

 Levitt , Dan. 2023, How even the greatest scientists can fall for cognitive bias,, New Scientist 2 August

Can DNA last for 2 million Years ?

Image courtesy of Beth Zaiken/bethzaiken.com. 

Joel Kontinen

Darwinists have made history. They have discovered DNA from 2 million years ago recovered from sediments in Greenland. It is the oldest preserved DNA found to date, blowing past the previous record of 1 million years ago, set in 2021, 

 But their time scale is based on the Darwinian scale of millions of years, But how do we measure such ages – only by postulating that they occurred.  that God did not create it, 

Source: 

 Marshall Michael. 2022.  DNA from 2 million years ago is the oldest ever recovered. New Scientist 7 December. 

Intelligent design in Science which features dynen and kinesin

A dynein carrying cargo along a microtubule. Image courtesy of Wikipedia (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license).

Joel Kontinen 

Hardly a week goes by without a paper on molecular machines being published in a major science journal. Recently, Science published a study on dynein and kinesin walk their way in our genome.

Fine-tuning is very much evident in its walk: dynein, which transports cargo by walking along a microtubule.

 This is what science says about the walkers: :  .

Controlling the long-range movement of molecules is challenging. cells use molecular motors such as dynein and kinesin and cytoskeletal features such as microtubules to achieve active transport over long distances relative to cargo sizes. taking inspiration from these natural systems, ibusuki et al. outfitted the motor protein dynein with a dna-binding module that enables it to grab onto and move along an engineered dna track  this system is attractive because the dna track can adopt precisely designed structures, and the dna-binding module creates specificity for different sequences. using these features, the authors created sorters that could separate cargos between two tracks and integrators that could bring together two streams of cargos. the average speed of the engineered motors is about 220 nanometers per second, comparable to some molecular motors in the cell. 

A kinesin motor does practically the same thing, but in the opposite or plus-end direction. Both the dynein and kinesin suggest that our cells work in anything but a haphazard way.

In other words, fine-tuning and amazing design are evident from start to finish.

 source;

march 

Dinosaur DNA Is An Enigma For Evolution

 

Image courtesy of ABelov2014 , CC BY 3.0.

 

Joel Kontinen

Paleobiologist Alida Bailleul from the Chinese Academy of Science has become the woman who believes she could be the oldest partially intact DNA ever found in a specimen of the dinosaur Hypacrosaurus..

Now, according to evolution, dinosaurs have to be at least 65 million years old. However, The dinos they sequenced was between 74 and 80 million years old. Actually, dinosaurs DNA and soft tissue  that they were living just recently.

Earlier this year,  scientists announced they'd sequenced DNA from a 1.2-million-year-old mammoth tooth. But it is a long jump to dinosaurs. 

Source:

 Bowler. Jacinta, 2021, The Trouble with dinosaur bones Science Alert. Science Alert 27 March.

How did we get our phosphorus that is needed for our dna and rna?

 

Image courtesy of   Lucy Entwisle, fair use doctrine.

Joel Kontinen 

Life on Earth may have begun with a flash of  lightning.

According to evolutionists, the answer to how we got the phosphorus it needed to make the first DNA and RNA molecules might be in the sky.  A new study, lead by Benjamin Hess, a graduate student at Yale University's Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences said that "Lightning strikes may have therefore played a role in providing phosphoros . …we show for the first time that lightning strikes were likely a significant source of reactive phosphorus on Earth around the time that life formed 3.5 billion to 4.5 billion years ago,"

Phosphorus (P) is one of our planet’s general chemical elements. Without it we would not have RNA , DNA and our ATP, and thus we would not have life.

Just recently, we heard that life could start on Venus, which was  later proved to be false.

Source:

Specktor, Brandon. Billions of lightning bolts may have jump-started life on Earth, study suggests Live Science  13 March.

 

Evolutionist Claim Million- Year- Old Mammoth DNA Beaks Record

 Image courtesy of Beth Zaiken/Centre for Palaeogenetics, fair use doctrine,

Joel Kontinen  

Evolutionists have now broken the record of DNA that have broken the 1 million years record of old. But their time svc ale is based on the Darwinian scale of millions of years, But how do we measure such ages – only by postulating that they occurred.  that God did not create it.

source 

Callawey, Evan. 2021, Million-year-old mammoth genomes shatter record for oldest ancient DNA.   Nature.. 17 Febraury.

 

Early 'Soda Lakes' Have Provided Missing Ingredient Key to the Origin of Life

Matthew Dillon, CC BY 2.0.



Joel Kontinen

Lakes that thrived in dry locations on early Earth likely played a key role in supplying phosphorus, researchers wrote in a new study published Dec. 30 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Phosphorus is crucial to life, Without it we not have it.

Phosphorus is crucial to life as we know it. The mineral helps form the backbone of DNA and RNA molecules; anchors lipids, or fats, that separate cells from the environment around them; and helps provide life energy, serving as the main component in molecules such as adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.

The finding explains how this scarce mineral became abundant in Earth's primordial soup. Put more plainly, it helps scientists understand how life likely arose. "For 50 years, what's called 'the phosphate problem,' has plagued studies on the origin of life," study co-researcher Jonathan Tone , a research assistant professor of Earth and space sciences at the University of Washington, said in a statement.

The building blocks of proteins, DNA and RNA — in essence, the key ingredients of life, the researchers said.

As a result, some of the phosphate is freely available in the water, according to experiments done by Toner and Catling.

"The extremely high phosphate levels in these lakes and ponds would have driven reactions that put phosphorus into the molecular building blocks of RNA, proteins and fats, all of which were needed to get life going," Catling said in the statement.

About 4 billion years ago , early Earth's carbon dioxide-rich air would have helped create such lakes with high phosphorus levels, the researchers said.


Now,who made this transition?
.
This study complements another paper the two researchers published in 2019, which shows that soda lakes can also supply ample cyanide, a chemical that is deadly to humans but not to primitive microbes. Cyanide could have supported the formation of amino acids and nucleotides, the building blocks of proteins, DNA and RNA — in essence, the key ingredients of life, the researchers said.

Source.

Geggel, Laura. 2020. Early 'Soda Lakes' May Have Provided Missing Ingredient Key to the Origin of Life Live Science 2 January.

Biodiversity on Some Alien Planets May Dwarf That of Earth

Kepler-62f. Image courtesy of NASA/Ames/JPL-Caltech.



Joel Kontinen

It seems that we don't have optimum ocean-circulation patterns on Earth.

"Earth's dazzling biodiversity may not be so remarkable in the cosmic scheme of things, a new study suggests.

Alien planets with more favourable ocean-circulation patterns might support life in even greater abundance and variety than our own world does, the study determined.

"Life in Earth's oceans depends on upwelling (upward flow), which returns nutrients from the dark depths of the ocean to the sunlit portions of the ocean where photosynthetic life lives," study leader Stephanie Olson, of the University of Chicago, said in a statement."

However, we do not know the state of affair on exoplanets. We do not know, for instance, if a planet's contains phosphorus, without which which we would not have RNA , DNA, and our ATP, and thus we would not have life. And also if it contains all ingredients that make life necessary.



Source:

Wall, Mike. Biodiversity on Some Alien Planets May Dwarf That of Earth. Space.com. (23.8.).

Where Did We Get Our Phosphorus?

Image courtesy of Lorrie Graham/AusAID, CC BY 2.0.



Joel Kontinen


Phosphorus (P) is one of our planet’s general chemical elements. Without it we would not have RNA , DNA and our ATP, and thus we would not have life.

“’Phosphorus is one of the key elements in biology.’ says Matthew Pasek, an astrobiologist and geochemist at the University of South Florida.”

Now, Pasek, is on a search for who we got our phosphorus in the beginning. “Unlike the other elements essential for life, phosphorus is mainly found in solid form, whereas the likes of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are often found as a gas.“ [Studying phosphorus] keeps us grounded in actual hard rock samples. Unlike the others, there is no obvious gas form, so has to come from rock sources,” Pasek says.

Meteorites also contain phosphorus. In Pasek’s thinking, published in the journal Icarus, “found that most phosphorus should be in a solid form everywhere in the Solar System, out to about Saturn.”

Mikhail Zolotov, thinks that Pasek’s work ok, but “it is contentious that gas movement toward the Sun, which was not modeled in the paper, could be faster than the diffusion of gas away from the Sun.”

Source:

Wild, Sarah , 2018. How Phosphorus Came in From the Cold. Astrobiology Magazine (September 6).

Intelligent DNA Makes Use of Sound Waves And Quantum Mechanics

New research suggests that DNA is a lot more complicated than this. Image courtesy of Richard Wheeler, Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0).




Joel Kontinen

Gone are the old Darwinian days when parts of our DNA – and that of other organisms – were summarily dismissed as junk.

The tide has turned, and researchers are finding more uses for non-coding DNA.

And they are beginning to understand that DNA is much more complicated than they dared to believe.

A paper recently published in the journal Nature Communications by researchers at the University of Glasgow “describes how double-stranded DNA splits using delocalized sound waves that are the hallmark of quantum effects.”

An article posted on Phys.org provides some background information:

“DNA contains the code to life and holds a blueprint for each and every living thing on earth. Dedicated enzymes responsible for making new proteins read the code by splitting the double strand in order to access the information. One of the big outstanding questions of biology has been how these enzymes find the initial hole or ‘bubble’ in the double strand to start reading the code.”

The article goes on to say:

“Dr Mario González Jiménez, researcher, explains, ‘It is believed that DNA has regions where a specific sequence of bases modifies the stiffness of the double helix favouring the formation of bubbles. This causes a break of the weak bonds between the strands showing the transcription and replication enzymes where to start their task.’ "

The researchers used a laser to test whether they could detect any “sound-like bubbles” in DNA.

They could. As researcher Thomas Harwood puts it,

"The sound waves in DNA are not your ordinary sounds waves. They have a frequency of a few terahertz or a billion times higher than a human or a dog can hear!"

This is certainly not a Darwinian explanation. Real biology is really complicated, and bears all the hallmarks of intelligent design.

Source:

University of Glasgow. 2016. Sound-like bubbles whizzing around in DNA are essential to life Phys.org. (2 June).

Evolution Never Predicted This: Our Genome Is Much More Dynamic Than We Thought

DNA is a dynamic part of our very dynamic genome. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.





Joel Kontinen

“Everything we thought we knew about the genome is turning out to be wrong.” This is how a recent book review in New Scientist begins.

Claire Ainsworth looks at The Deeper Genome: Why There Is More to the Human Genome Than Meets the Eye by John Parrington (Oxford University Press) and The Developing Genome: An introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics by David S. Moore (Oxford University Press USA) and says that we should do away with old metaphors such as 'blueprint':

" ‘Blueprint’ is a lousy metaphor since it implies that the genome is two-dimensional, prescriptive and unresponsive.”

She has this to say about DNA:

“It's no simple linear code, but an intricately wound, 3D structure that coils and uncoils as its genes are read and spliced in myriad ways. Forget genes as discrete, protein-coding ‘beads on a string’: only a tiny fraction of the genome codes for proteins, and anyway, no one knows exactly what a gene is any more.”

It’s high time to discard the old Darwinian mechanistic idea of the genome. Evolution predicted that it would be full of junk left over from millions of years of Darwinian processes.

What we are discovering is something entirely different: Our genome is an extremely intricate system, far more dynamic and complicated than anyone could have guessed.

And it looks like it has been designed to be an intricate system that defies worn out metaphors such as 'blueprint' or 'master controller.'

In other words, it looks like the handiwork of a benevolent Creator we read about in Genesis.

Source:

Ainsworth, Claire. 2015. DNA is life's blueprint? No, master controller of the cell. New Scientist 3025 (13 June).

DNA: Tiny, Powerful, Amazing Supermolecule

This is the best data storage medium ever designed. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.


Joel Kontinen

Few would deny that DNA is an amazing invention, if we could call it that. Bill Gates famously said: “DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software ever created.”

Biochemist Thomas Carell had this to say: ”The DNA molecule, which encodes the complexity of all life forms on Earth, is arguably the most powerful medium known for data storage and processing.”

A recent article in New Scientist describes an other dimension of this supermolecule: “Just 1 gram of DNA is theoretically capable of holding 455 exabytes – enough for all the data held by Google, Facebook and every other major tech company, with room to spare.”

Biologist Ann Gauger points out that DNA continues to be a dilemma for evolutionists: “DNA is copied into RNA, then RNA is translated into protein. Consequently, proteins cannot exist without DNA. However, DNA cannot exist without proteins either.”

The only logical explanation is that they, like all other biological elements, were intelligently designed. They were created together at the beginning by the only One who is wise and intelligent enough do have done so:

“For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made” (Romans 1:20, NIV).

Source:

Aron, Jacob. 2015. Glassed-in DNA makes the ultimate time capsule. New Scientist 3008 (15 February).

Evolution’s Enigma: How to Get DNA, Proteins and RNA at the Same Time

Image courtesy of the Institute for Creation Research.




Joel Kontinen

Naturalistic explanations of how the cell evolved into such an efficient entity defy common sense. In a recent article in The Behemoth, biologist Ann Gauger outlines the problem:

“DNA is copied into RNA, then RNA is translated into protein. Consequently, proteins cannot exist without DNA. However, DNA cannot exist without proteins either.”

Needless to say, their relationship is anything but simple:

“To replicate DNA, one protein unwinds the DNA, creating a fork with two strands; another protein duplicates the right strand of the DNA, while yet another casts off loops from the left strand so it can be copied. Meanwhile, thirty or so other proteins keep watch over the DNA, proofreading, correcting, and ensuring very few errors -- about one mistake per billion nucleotides copied.

In short, it's a chicken and egg problem: which came first, proteins or DNA? ”

But there’s more:

“Even if that problem could be solved, another puzzle would remain: how the link between DNA, RNA, and protein came about. We know how it's done -- ribosomes -- but we have no idea how ribosomes came to be. Ribosomes are indispensable, efficient, self-correcting, decoding machines, and protein factories. They are made of many proteins woven together with RNA molecules into tangled knots that somehow work together to decode RNA. In fact, just deciphering into what shape those knots are tied won three scientists the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Born in the nucleus, ribosomes do their work in the cytoplasm. Messenger RNA (RNA copied from a protein-coding gene) finds a ribosome and begins feeding through like ticker tape. The ribosome reads the message and translates it into amino acids, stitching the amino acids together to make a protein.”

300 years ago King David penned the words ”I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full well.” (Psalm 139:14, NIV).

Recent discoveries in cell biology are beginning to show that the ancient Psalmist was right. Our cells are tiny but amazing. Dr. Gauger goes on to say:

“Though not as fast as transcription, the ribosome manages a respectable rate of 6 to 9 amino acids per second, a little faster than the best of our typists. But consider this: there are 20-plus amino acids for the ribosome to sort through in order to find the right one for each unit to be translated. Given that kind of search process, 6 to 9 amino acids per second puts the ticker tape on fast forward.

One last thing -- the ribosome is also self-correcting. As the protein advances, the ribosome double-checks its work, and if it notices a mistake, it backs up to correct the error, like I had to do as I typed this sentence.

Suffice it to say that the genetic code, and the fidelity of its replication, transcription, and translation, are obviously very important, considering all the error correction that goes on, and they are interdependent, highly optimized processes that are essential to life. At the very center of these processes is this mystery: which came first, the protein or the DNA? And how was the link between DNA and protein established? Some say RNA came first, but RNA is inherently unstable, easily degraded and limited in its chemical abilities. So the problem remains unsolved.”

It is no accident that Dr. Gauger’s article is called Mystery at the Heart of Life.

Materialists/naturalists would need many miracles to solve that enigma but their worldview does not have room for a miracle maker.

Source:

Gauger, Ann. 2014. Mystery at the Heart of Life. The Behemoth. (November 27).

DNA ja elämän synty: viesti ei synny sattumalta

Viesti edellyttää aina lähettäjää. Tämäkään kirjoitus ei ole syntynyt itsekseen vuosimiljoonien saatossa.





Joel Kontinen

Due to a technical hitch, I posted this article on DNA and the origin of life in Finnish in this blog. Please come back tomorrow, as I hope to continue posting in English here.


Evolutionistit käyttävät veronmaksajien rahoja surutta etsiessään viestejä älykkäästä elämästä ja elämän synnystä muualla universumissa. Jos he löytäisivät vaikka kuinka pienen viestin tahansa, he pomppisivat riemusta.

Etsintä ei ole tuottanut tulosta.

Viesti edellyttää aina lähettäjää. Edes metsästä löytynyt kaiverrus ei ole voinut syntyä sattumalta. Mielikuvitusolento ei myöskään ole voinut saada sitä aikaan. Viestin lähettäjä tuntee ainakin joitakin latinalaisten aakkosten kirjaimia ja melko yleismaailmallisen sydämeen liitetyn symboliikan.

Me ja muut elävät olennot olemme täynnä merkkejä suunnittelusta. Parhain esimerkki lienee DNA.

DNA sisältää elämän rakennusohjeet. Se on tihein mahdollinen tietopankki, jossa neljällä kirjaimella voidaan muodostaa kolmikirjaimisia sanoja.

Tietojärjestelmään kuuluu myös oikoluku ja automaattinen korjaus.

Microsoftin perustaja Bill Gates on todennut: ”DNA on kuin tietokoneohjelma, mutta paljon monimutkaisempi kuin mitä me pystymme tekemään.”

Monet myöntävät, että elämä ei voi syntyä sattumalta, ja jotkut ovat spekuloineet, että avaruusolentojen on täytynyt jättää oma puumerkkinsä maapallon elämään – DNA-koodin.

Tämä on silkkaa toiveajattelua. Naturalismin nimeen vannovat raamattuskeptikot ainoastaan työntävät ratkaisua kauemmaksi ulkoavaruuteen, koska myös avaruusolioiden on täytynyt syntyä jossain.

Meillä ei ole mitään todisteita siitä, että pienet vihreät pienet pystyisivät luomaan elämää – eikä edes siitä, että heitä on olemassa. He taitavat Mörri Möykyn ja apinaihmisten tavoin olla pelkkiä satuolentoja.

Universal Genetic Code – Another Darwinian Icon Falls

When it comes to genetics, stop does not always mean stop. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.



Joel Kontinen

Evolutionist Karl Giberson lamented that 2013 was a terrible year for evolution. It seems that 2014 is on its way to becoming an even worse year for dogmatic Darwinians.

Richard Dawkins, for instance, has used the universality of the genetic code as an argument for evolution.

A recent paper in Science busted this icon:

“The canonical genetic code is assumed to be deeply conserved across all domains of life with very few exceptions. By scanning 5.6 trillion base pairs of metagenomic data for stop codon reassignment events, we detected recoding in a substantial fraction of the >1700 environmental samples examined. We observed extensive opal and amber stop codon reassignments in bacteriophages and of opal in bacteria. Our data indicate that bacteriophages can infect hosts with a different genetic code and demonstrate phage-host antagonism based on code differences.”

Conserved is evo-speak for no change. Stop codons are three-letter words that instruct the ribosome to stop making a particular protein.

The researchers noticed that sometimes stop might actully mean go. Genetic codes turned out to be much more varied than they had assumed.

And Darwinians lost an icon.

Source:

Ivanova, Natalia N. et al. 2014. Stop codon reassignments in the wild. Science 344 (6186): 909–913 (23 May).

Biochemist: ”The DNA molecule is arguably the most powerful medium known for data storage and processing”

The best data storage medium. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.



Joel Kontinen


Some time ago, the journal Nature had a brief review article on a paper published in Angewandte Chemie on the use of DNA in computers. Its author Thomas Carell, who has a PhD. in biochemistry, wrote:

”The DNA molecule, which encodes the complexity of all life forms on Earth, is arguably the most powerful medium known for data storage and processing.”

In other words, DNA is by far a much more effective method of storing and processing data than the solutions computer engineers have come up with after years of meticulous product development. Unfortunately, many people still assume that this excellent system has come about through purely naturalistic processes without any intelligent design.

Ideology, it seems, can put blinkers on people who would otherwise see “wrong” things.


Source:


Carell, Thomas. 2011. DNA as a logic operator. Nature 469 (7328), 45–46.

Surprising survey results: A sizeable percentage of Chinese and Japanese doubt Darwin

Charles Darwin is not very popular in east Asia. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.




Joel Kontinen


Skeptics often claim that creationism is an American invention that only in recent decades has made its way into Europe. However, a new survey made for Nature and Scientific American shows that surprisingly many people in China and Japan also doubt Darwin.

Conducted as an Internet survey, it asked readers of Scientific American about their views of evolution and the origin of the universe. SA is a typical popular science magazine that markets Darwinian evolution, so one would assume that its readers would take a very positive attitude to Darwinism.

The questions did not deal with the origin of man but on the ability of evolution and natural selection to explain the diversity we see in nature.

The results were to some extent a disappointment for the magazine. According to the survey, a surprisingly large percentage of readers in China (49%) and Japan (35%) doubt Darwinian evolution. This is strange since China is still a communist country (it does have a large Christian minority of probably over 100 million, though) and Shintoism and other Japanese traditional beliefs could well be compatible with Darwinism. Unlike many other faiths, Shintoism does not even have holy texts.

Probably only well-educated people in China and Japan read an American magazine (that however is translated into Chinese and Japanese) so that Darwinists cannot claim that the views of a few only ladies could have distorted the findings.

The real explanation might be very different: in high-tech countries many people know that a computer programme needs to be designed and that DNA resembles an intelligently designed code.


Source:

Cyranoski, David. 2010. A Global Survey of the Scientifically Literate Public Reveals a Pacific Divide on Key Issues in Science. Nature 467:7314, 388-389.

Stephen Meyer on the origin of digital information in DNA

Joel Kontinen

It is not difficult to see that the information embedded in DNA looks like a digital code. In a recently released video, Dr. Stephen Meyer, author of Signature in the Cell, argues that the best scientific explanation for the digital information in DNA is that is has been designed intelligently.




In his book In the Beginning Was Information (1997), Dr. Werner Gitt came to the same conclusion as Dr. Meyer does, namely that a message requires a sender, and an intelligent message requires an intelligent sender.

Source:

Gitt, Werner. 1997. In the Beginning Was Information. Bielefeld: Christliche Literatur-Verbreitung.

Hello? Anybody there?

Paul Davies discusses intelligent life in his new book. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.



Joel Kontinen

Yesterday, as I was reading Nature, Chris McKay’s review of Paul Davies’ book The Eerie Silence: Renewing Our Search for Alien Intelligence/ Are We Alone In The Universe? caught my eye.

In Eerie Silence Davies discusses the SETI project that has used radio telescopes to scan the skies for signs of extraterrestrial life. After 50 years of searching, they have found absolutely nothing. Not a single signal that would suggest intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.

Davies discusses the possibility that intelligent life might be very rare outside the Earth.

However, Davies also ventures into the brave new world of science fiction, speculating that in the distant past aliens might have left a message in our DNA.

He thus acknowledges that DNA looks like it has been designed. Perhaps there is a more traditional solution to this dilemma. Might the answer be found in a book called Genesis?


Source:

McKay, Chris. 2010. Is Anybody Out There? (Review of Paul Davies’ book The Eerie Silence: Renewing Our Search for Alien Intelligence/ Are We Alone In The Universe?) Nature 464: 7285, 34 (4 March).